Data Link Layer protocols are generally responsible to simply ensure and confirm that the bits and bytes that are received are identical to the bits and bytes being transferred. It is basically a set of specifications that are used for implementation of data link layer just above the physical layer of the Open System Interconnections (OSI) Model....

Prerequisite – Layers of OSI Model Data-link layer is the second layer after the physical layer. The data link layer is responsible for maintaining the data link between two hosts or nodes....

As we know the Data encryption standard (DES) uses 56 bit key to encrypt any plain text which can be easily be cracked by using modern technologies. To prevent this from happening double DES and triple DES were introduced which are much more secured than the original DES because it uses 112 and 168 bit keys respectively. They offer much more security than DES....

In this article, we are going to see the questions of GATE’s previous year’s questions of CN. An explanation of each question is also mentioned in this article....

User Mode: When a Program is booted up on an Operating system let’s say Windows, then it launches the program in user mode. When a user-mode program requests to run, a process and virtual address space (address space for that process) are created for it by Windows. User-mode programs are less privileged than user-mode applications and are not allowed to access the system resources directly. For instance, if an application under user mode wants to access system resources, it will have to first go through the Operating system kernel by using syscalls....

The ER model is a very important concept in DBMS, and it is used for the modeling of the logical view of the system from a data perspective. The entity, Entity Set, and Entity Type all these terms are very important concepts of ER Model. In this article, we will understand the difference between them....

1. Type Casting: In typing casting, a data type is converted into another data type by the programmer using the casting operator during the program design. In typing casting, the destination data type may be smaller than the source data type when converting the data type to another data type, that’s why it is also called narrowing conversion....

In CPU Scheduling, we often need to find the average Turnaround and Waiting Time with the help of Arrival, Burst and Completion Time. Let’s have a brief look of them: Turnaround Time (TAT):...

1. Tuple Relational Calculus (TRC) : A tuple relational calculus is a non-procedural query language that specifies to select of the tuples in a relation. It can select the tuples with a range of values or tuples for certain attribute values etc. The resulting relation can have one or more tuples....

1. First Normal Form (1NF) : For any relation to be in the first normal form (1NF), the relation should not contain any composite or multi-valued attribute. So a relation will be in first normal form if it contains atomic values. The relation should contain only single valued attributes. Thus a relation that is in the first normal form must follow the following rules:...

Counters play a crucial role in digital logic circuits, enabling tasks such as clock frequency division and sequencing. This article explores the concept of ripple counters, a type of asynchronous counter, their operation, advantages, and disadvantages in digital logic design....

Prerequisite IP Addressing, Introduction of MAC Addresses, Basics of Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) In this article, we will discuss about whole ARP-family, which are ARP, RARP, InARP, Proxy ARP and Gratuitous ARP. Let’s try to understand each one by one....